Preserving and Promoting Minnesota’s Recreational Trails: State v. Hess

This article assesses the significance of Hess for Minnesota’s recreational trail system and the conversion of rails to trails. Part II describes the legal context within which Hess was decided, with particular emphasis on the methodology of constructing ancient deeds to railroads and the public policy underlying the MTA. Part III sets forth the facts giving rise to the Hess decision and details the approach adopted by the court of appeals—an approach which, if affirmed by the supreme court, would have facilitated a parcel by parcel attack on the state’s ownership of its recreational trails and potentially limited the application of the shifting public use doctrine established in Washington Wildlife. Part IV discusses the supreme court’s analysis of the issues, its interpretative methodology, and the normative justification of its approach. Part V concludes that Hess establishes a strong legal and policy foundation for the past and future conversion of rail corridors into recreational trails, promotes the public interest, and avoids plunging the state into a costly parcel by parcel battle to save its contiguous recreational trail system

Detecting and correcting partial errors: Evidence for efficient control without conscious access

Appropriate reactions to erroneous actions are essential to keeping behavior adaptive. Erring, however, is not an all-or-none process: electromyographic (EMG) recordings of the responding muscles have revealed that covert incorrect response activations (termed "partial errors") occur on a proportion of overtly correct trials. The occurrence of such "partial errors" shows that incorrect response activations could be corrected online, before turning into overt errors. In the present study, we showed that, unlike overt errors, such "partial errors" are poorly consciously detected by participants, who could report only one third of their partial errors. Two parameters of the partial errors were found to predict detection: the surface of the incorrect EMG burst (larger for detected) and the correction time (between the incorrect and correct EMG onsets; longer for detected). These two parameters provided independent information. The correct(ive) responses associated with detected partial errors were larger than the "pure-correct" ones, and this increase was likely a consequence, rather than a cause, of the detection. The respective impacts of the two parameters predicting detection (incorrect surface and correction time), along with the underlying physiological processes subtending partial-error detection, are discussed

Comparative genome structure, secondary metabolite, and effector coding capacity across Cochliobolus pathogens.

The genomes of five Cochliobolus heterostrophus strains, two Cochliobolus sativus strains, three additional Cochliobolus species (Cochliobolus victoriae, Cochliobolus carbonum, Cochliobolus miyabeanus), and closely related Setosphaeria turcica were sequenced at the Joint Genome Institute (JGI). The datasets were used to identify SNPs between strains and species, unique genomic regions, core secondary metabolism genes, and small secreted protein (SSP) candidate effector encoding genes with a view towards pinpointing structural elements and gene content associated with specificity of these closely related fungi to different cereal hosts. Whole-genome alignment shows that three to five percent of each genome differs between strains of the same species, while a quarter of each genome differs between species. On average, SNP counts among field isolates of the same C. heterostrophus species are more than 25× higher than those between inbred lines and 50× lower than SNPs between Cochliobolus species. The suites of nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), polyketide synthase (PKS), and SSP-encoding genes are astoundingly diverse among species but remarkably conserved among isolates of the same species, whether inbred or field strains, except for defining examples that map to unique genomic regions. Functional analysis of several strain-unique PKSs and NRPSs reveal a strong correlation with a role in virulence

Preserving and Promoting Minnesota’s Recreational Trails: State v. Hess

This article assesses the significance of Hess for Minnesota’s recreational trail system and the conversion of rails to trails. Part II describes the legal context within which Hess was decided, with particular emphasis on the methodology of constructing ancient deeds to railroads and the public policy underlying the MTA. Part III sets forth the facts giving rise to the Hess decision and details the approach adopted by the court of appeals—an approach which, if affirmed by the supreme court, would have facilitated a parcel by parcel attack on the state’s ownership of its recreational trails and potentially limited the application of the shifting public use doctrine established in Washington Wildlife. Part IV discusses the supreme court’s analysis of the issues, its interpretative methodology, and the normative justification of its approach. Part V concludes that Hess establishes a strong legal and policy foundation for the past and future conversion of rail corridors into recreational trails, promotes the public interest, and avoids plunging the state into a costly parcel by parcel battle to save its contiguous recreational trail system

Self-developing Proprioception-Based Robot Internal Models

Part 6: Intelligent RobotInternational audienceResearch in cognitive science reveals that human central nervous system internally simulates dynamic behavior of the motor system using internal models (forward model and inverse model). Being inspired, the question of how a robot develops its internal models for arm motion control is discussed. Considering that human proprioception plays an important role for the development of internal models, we propose to use autoencoder neural networks to establish robot proprioception, and then based on which the robot develops its internal models. All the models are learned in a developmental manner through robot motor babbling like human infants. To evaluate the proprioception-based internal models, we conduct experiments on our PKU-HR6.0 humanoid robots, and the results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Additionally, a framework integrating internal models is further proposed for robot arm motion control (reaching, grasping and placing) and its effectiveness is also demonstrated